Tappan Brothers, Abolitionist Philanthropists

The Tappan brothers were a pair of wealthy New York City businessmen who used their fortunes to assist the abolitionist movement from the 1830s through the 1850s. The philanthropic efforts of Arthur and Lewis Tappan were instrumental in the founding of the American Anti-Slavery Society as well as other reform movements and educational endeavors. The brothers became prominent enough that a mob sacked Lewiss house in lower Manhattan during the abolitionist riots of July 1834. And a year later a mob in Charleston, South Carolina, burned Arthur in effigy because he had financed a program to mail abolitionist pamphlets from New York City to the South. The brothers remained undaunted, and continued to assist the anti-slavery movement. They set an example that others followed, such as the Secret Six, the men who secretly funded the abolitionist fanatic John Brown before his fateful raid on Harpers Ferry. Business Background of the Tappan Brothers The Tappan brothers were born in Northampton, Massachusetts, into a family of 11 children. Arthur was born in 1786, and Lewis was born in 1788. Their father was a goldsmith and merchant and  their mother was deeply religious. Both Arthur and Lewis showed early aptitude in business and became merchants operating in Boston as well as Canada. Arthur Tappan was operating a successful business in Canada until the War of 1812, when he relocated to New York City. He became very successful as a merchant in silks and other goods, and garnered a reputation as a very honest and ethical businessman. Lewis Tappan was successful working for a dry goods importing firm in Boston during the 1820s, and considered opening his own business. However, he decided to move to New York and join his brothers business. Working together, the two brothers became even more successful, and the profits they made in the silk trade and other enterprises allowed them to pursue philanthropic interests. The American Anti-Slavery Society Inspired by the British Anti-Slavery Society, Arthur Tappan helped to found the American Anti-Slavery Society and served as its first president from 1833 to 1840. During his leadership the society became prominent for publishing a large number of abolitionist pamphlets and almanacs. The printed material from the society, which was produced in a modern printing facility on Nassau Street in New York City, showed a fairly sophisticated approach to influencing public opinion. The organizations pamphlets and broadsides often carried woodcut illustrations of the mistreatment of slaves, making them easily understandable to people, most importantly slaves, who could not read. Resentment Toward the Tappan Brothers Arthur and Lewis Tappan occupied a peculiar position, as they were very successful in New York Citys business community. Yet the businessmen of the city were often aligned with the slave states, as much of the American economy before the Civil War depended on the trade in products produced by slaves, primarily cotton and sugar. Denunciations of the Tappan brothers became commonplace in the early 1830s. And in 1834, during days of mayhem that became known as the Abolitionist Riots, the house of Lewis Tappan was attacked by a mob. Lewis and his family had already fled, but most of their furniture was piled up in the middle of the street and burned. During the Anti-Slavery Societys pamphlet campaign of 1835 the Tappan brothers were widely denounced by pro-slavery advocates in the South. A mob seized abolitionist pamphlets in Charleston, South Carolina, in July 1835 and burned them in a huge bonfire. And an effigy of Arthur Tappan was hoisted high and set on fire, along with an effigy of abolitionist editor William Lloyd Garrison. Legacy of the Tappan Brothers Throughout the 1840s the Tappan brothers continued to help the abolitionist cause, though Arthur slowly withdrew from active involvement. By the 1850s there was less need for their involvement and financial support. Thanks in large part to the  publication of Uncle Toms Cabin,  Ã‚  abolitionist thought was delivered into American living rooms. The formation of the Republican Party, which was created to oppose the spread of slavery to new territories, brought the anti-slavery point of view into the mainstream of American electoral politics. Arthur Tappan died on July 23, 1865. He had lived to see the end of slavery in America. His brother Lewis wrote a biography of Arthur which was published in 1870. Not long after, Arthur suffered a stroke which left him incapacitated. He died at his home in Brooklyn, New York, on June 21, 1873.

Essay about Workplace Literacy and Effective Communication

Recently, there has been a poorly written communication in the workplace, which has led to some hurt feelings, lower morale and possible loss of business. As a corporation, we have worked very hard to maintain the synergy thoughout our work environment. These latest events are starting to compromise multiple aspects of our company. First, we are loosing control and perspective of our colleagues. Camaraderie and atmosphere are suffering, placing us in jeopardy of destroying our active policies and their integrity. We must also be careful not to take these events lightly, jeopardizing our nucleus and strong core structure of talented workers. Workplace literacy and effective communication have long been increasingly important skills†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, it is the obligation of the worker to maintain this level of competence in every situation where communication is required. With the requirement for every employee to write more effectively, improved skills are becoming increasingly important in the workplace. One main reason is the advancement of the telecommunications and email system with non-quantifiable millions of employees utilizing this system on an everyday basis. This has become a self-imposed crutch for many to become careless in their written thoroughness. Email was conceived to be a tool to communicate and must contain tangible information. Communication in this method must be clear and concise, and the author should take care not to muddle the message. Dawn Josephson, president of Cameo Publications, states â€Å"If you send out a sales letter that is filled with errors, you’re losing credibility. You send the image that your company is careless† (cited in Tyler, 2003, 87). Therefore, an indicator potentially leading to a loss of business and previously cited low morale. Establishing and maintaining credibility is not the only reason for effective communication and in our attempt to clarify this need; the question arises as to what the consequences for ineffective communication are. The Salt Lake Tribune (2000) makes mention that management experts say producing sloppy, poorly written work can be a career killer,Show MoreRelatedWorkplace Literacy and Effective Communication1270 Words   |  6 PagesWorkplace Literacy and Effective Communication Recently, there has been a poorly written communication in the workplace, which has led to some hurt feelings, lower morale and possible loss of business. As a corporation, we have worked very hard to maintain the synergy though out our work environment. These latest events are starting to compromise multiple aspects of our company. First, we are losing control and perspective of our colleagues. 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How do The Odyssey and The Crucible use the hero in order to explore the concerns of their times Free Essays

The concept of what constitutes a hero varies according to the values, culture, context and setting of the society in question. Homer in his epic poem The Odyssey and Arthur Miller in The Crucible through the portrayal of the hero’s in their texts; Odysseus and John Proctor, reflect the values of the time in which the text was set but more importantly provide a social commentary on the context of the texts. Both looking to the past to provide answers and draw parallels with the present. We will write a custom essay sample on How do The Odyssey and The Crucible use the hero in order to explore the concerns of their times? or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Odyssey was written approximately in 700 BC and was set in twelfth century BC, in what was known as the Bronze Age. The Greeks believed that this earlier period was a more glorious and sublime age, when Gods still frequented the Earth and heroic, godlike mortals with superhuman attributes populated Greece. The Odyssey is episodic in nature and in many ways consisted of nation building myths which were unifying and drew on what was common in Greek culture by detailing the exploits of the classical archetypal Greek hero, Odysseus. Essentially it is an epic tale in which the wicked are destroyed, right prevails, and the family is reunited. On the other hand, The Crucible was written in the early 1950’s in America and is set in 1692 in Salem, a small town in colonial Massachusetts. It follows the witch-hunts of 1692 which began when several young girls were stricken with an illness characterized by symptoms of hallucinations and seizures, which were ascribed to witchcraft. This led to the eventual execution of thirty individuals for the crime of witchcraft. They were tried and convicted in an atmosphere of moral absolutism through which Miller alludes to the events which took place in the 1950’s before the House of Un-American Activities Committee in Washington. The Crucible can be viewed as allegorical text not for anti-communism, or as a faithful account of the Salem trials, but as a powerful timeless description of how intolerance and hysteria can intersect and tear a community apart. Furthermore, in contrast with Odysseus, John Proctor is a tragic hero, who would rather die then confess and lived with a marred name. This idea of nobility is inseparable from the tragedy genre. Tragedy in many ways enlightens, in that it points the heroic finger at the enemy of a man’s freedom. The quest for freedom is the quality in the tragedy which exalts. Both texts are framed by religious imagery. In The Odyssey Odysseus does not question the power of the Gods and in many ways Homers text can be viewed as a moral lesson, through the omnipresent nature of the god’s as they guide the wandering hero home. This reflects the Greek notion that the gods exercise absolute power over the mortal world. In the poem mortals are constantly making sacrifices to the gods to earn their favour. Conversely, offending the gods creates immense problems as is illustrated through Poseidon’s grudge against Odysseus for blinding his son Polyphemos. Moreover, it is only through Athena’s guidance throughout the text that Odysseus can survive his dangerous adventures. This distinguishes an important point as it reiterates not only the all-powerful nature of the gods but also introduces the idea that if Odysseus the hero cannot survive without guidance from the gods then the rest of the members of society must accept their fate as lying in the hands of the gods. What must also be noted however are the characteristics of the gods, which were a mixture of magical, immortal powers and basic human instincts, the gods were not perfect. Through this portrayal of the gods in the text Homer presents a more glorious time in Greek culture in a time when Greece was only a shadow of its former greatness. This however varies in The Crucible which is set in a theocratic society, in which church and state are one and the religion practised was very austere form of Protestantism known as Puritanism. In this form of society there is no room for deviation from social norms, since any individual whose private life does not conform to the established moral laws presents a threat not only to society but also to the rule of God: â€Å"You must understand, sir, that a person is either with this court or he must be counted against it, there be no road between†. John Proctor challenges this religious identity of time and shows how man has used god to manipulate and control individuals and it is ultimately his choice not to confess to witchcraft, which is a true religious and personal stance. In this way The Crucible can be viewed a symbolic of the paranoia of the communism which pervaded America in the 1950s. Several parallels existed between the witch hunts of 1692 and the House Un-American Activities Committee’s rooting out of suspected communists. As with the alleged witches of Salem, suspected Communists were encouraged to confess their crimes and to â€Å"name names,† identifying others sympathetic to their radical cause. Miller through the actions of the hero Proctor foregrounds the McCarthyist excesses, which wronged many innocents, making a strong political statement. Furthermore, both Odysseus and Proctor are flawed and fallible and both of them fall into the seductive charms of the ‘seductresses’ as is portrayed in the texts. Women are presented as either ‘sainted virgins’; Elizabeth and Penelope or ‘seductresses’; Abigail and Calypso this dichotomy represents the patriarchal structures of the context of the texts. Moreover the texts also highlight the dangers of giving women power and of female sexual potency. Odysseus’ infidelity when he is trapped by Calypso serves to reflect gender roles and the double standard in Greek society. Homer does not invite the responder to view Odysseus’ infidelity with any disdain or disapproval: â€Å"withdrawing into the cavern’s deep recesses, long in each others arms they lost themselves in love† (#250-51). It is somehow acceptable for Odysseus to sleep with another woman, while Penelope is represented as morally dubious for allowing the suitors to remain in the house. It is only Calypso who challenges these gender roles: â€Å"You unrivalled lords of jealously/ scandalized when goddess sleep with mortals†¦ † (#131-32). While Homer portrays these sexist views, he also through Calypso’s dialogue brings to attention the double standards of the society and more importantly introduces a new idea which may have been viewed as subversive in Greek culture at the time. On the other hand in The Crucible, John Proctor as the play’s tragic hero is honest, upright and blunt spoken, Proctor is a good man however his fatal flaw is his lust for Abigail Williams which leads to their affair. Proctor is very self-critical and this in a way reflects how his moral code is a product of the society in which he exists: â€Å"But I will cut my hand off before I’ll ever reach for you again†. Once the trials begin, Proctor realizes that he can stop Abigail’s rampage through Salem but only if he confesses to this adultery. This highlights how the hero must face a series of trials and tribulations in order to be redeemed, in Proctor’s case these are more physiological battles whereas Odysseus faces more physical challenges. This illustrates the way in which the different contexts result in the formation of varying hero’s reflecting the values of that particular society. Finally, Arthur Miller once said: â€Å"Nobody wants to be a hero†¦ but in every man there is something he cannot give up and still remain himself†¦ If he gives that up, he becomes a different man, not himself†¦ It is Proctor’s self-critical nature which distinguishes him because he does not set out to be a hero. Normally he would not be considered a saintly individual, and he has not great eagerness to be a martyr due to his underlying guilt at his infidelity, which in turn he projects on Elizabeth: â€Å"I do not judge you. The magistrate sits in your heart that judges you. † Nevertheless when put to the final test, the meaning here of ‘crucible’, he will go to his death rather than irrevocably compromise his integrity. Through his representation of Proctor as the tragic hero Miller creates a new post-modern ideology of the hero in which the hero is not extraordinary physically or mentally but rather what is heroic is the individual who stands by his personal principals, he does not set out to be the hero but rather the situation merely reveals the hero within. This notion explores the concerns of 1950 America in which the hero’s were not the McCarthyist’s as it might seem on outward examination but rather those who only through their personal actions transpired to be essentially heroic. In conclusion, The Odyssey and The Crucible through the representation of the hero in text foreground the concerns of their times. The texts have revealed to me that what constitutes the hero varying according to context and setting and can help us gain further insight into the concerns of the society in question. Essentially the characteristics, which form the hero, are fluid subject to the values and culture of the times. How to cite How do The Odyssey and The Crucible use the hero in order to explore the concerns of their times?, Papers

Ingredients for a Love Story free essay sample

Love stories evoke some of the most powerful emotions from readers. Love is an emotion that cannot be explained in a deterministic equation. Great love stories   are works that make the reader experience something that resonates with what people desire in life. Love stories remind the readers that love is something so powerful that it is worth sacrificing for. Great love stories describe what it feels like to be alone, what it feels like to meet the person who can change your life. At the end of the day, love is something worth sacrifice. Love stories show that hope can be found in an otherwise hopeless world or situation. I believe that love between two people is fundamentally a beautiful thing. Characters:   In a great love story, most people will in some way be able to relate to one of the main characters in the story. This separates a personal account from one that describes the human condition. We will write a custom essay sample on Ingredients for a Love Story or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Characters that are somewhat flawed, but otherwise good people are a great way to win over an audience. Conflict:   No great love story is described without conflict. The conflict must not be overwhelming that it overtakes the importance of the story. Too much conflict turns the story into a something that is situational driven and plot driven as opposed to character driven. Sacrifice:  Nobody should be able to have it all in life. Why? People cannot relate to perfection because people are flawed. The sacrifice in the story, while may be exaggerated from a literal perspective, should feel like something people have felt in there life from an emotional level. This will draw the attention of the reader to feel what they felt in their life. Great love stories will describe the perfect sacrifice, with some mistakes included. Plot:  A great love story is the perfect blend of plot and emotion. It is difficult to fully engage a reader without a plot. Its almost impossible to build tension between characters if the plot is the main driving force of the story. Great love stories straddle the harmony between people and the events that happen to them. Concluding Thoughts:  Ã‚  Ive tried to describe what a great love story is in the abstract sense in this answer. For concrete examples of some great examples of some truly great love stories and what makes them great see  Cristina Hartmanns and  Anon Users answers to  Literature: What are some of the great love stories in literary history? When they wake up on their wedding morning, Romeo is prepared to stay as long as Juliet wants, at the risk of his life. Juliet is prepared to risk dying from the potion in order to have a chance of living with Romeo.

What is Anthropology Essay Sample free essay sample

* Anthropology uses a holistic position to understand human civilization and what it means to be human * The working definition: the empirical comparative survey of worlds as biological and cultural existences. informed by the overarching rules of cultural relativism and by the turning away of ethnocentrism * Four Traditional Fields of Anthropology * Physical anthropology* Besides known as biological anthropology. Examines the biological and behavioural features of worlds and nonhuman Primatess. including their ascendants * Primary involvement in retracing anatomical and behavioural evolutionary record of human species and fossil record-includes medical anthropology and forensic anthropology * Second country of involvement in primatology: the survey of our nearest life relations * Archaeology * The survey of life ways of people from the past by unearthing and analysing the material civilization they have left behind * Artifacts. characteristics. constructions. and ecofacts serve as stuff records for life ways and environmental versions * Linguisticss * The modern scientific survey of all facets of linguistic communication * Possibly the most typical characteristic of being human. We will write a custom essay sample on What is Anthropology? Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page as linguistic communication. enabled by physiological versions. has transmitted civilization across coevalss and enabled abstract idea for more than 40. 000 old ages * Includes historical linguistics. descriptive linguistics. ethno linguistics. and sociolinguistics * Cultural Anthropology * Besides known as societal or Sociocultural anthropology. it is the survey of specific modern-day civilizations. and the more general underlying forms of human civilization derived through cultural comparings * Cardinal constructs: field work demands. development of trust and norms. participant observation. descriptive anthropology. ethnology. urban anthropology. medical anthropology. development. environmental anthropology * Key considerations in anthropology * Ethnocentrism: the belief that 1s ain civilization is superior to all others- be cautious to avoid civilization bound theories * Cultural relativism: the belief that attempts at understanding other life ways are most successful if one positions those imposts in their ain traditional context and avoids judging them harmonizing to the values of one’s civilization * Fundamentally rejects the impression that any civilization including our ain possesses a set of absolute criterions by which all other civilizations can be judged. * Key footings * Cultural romanticism: the thought that a civilization is better than it is * Life ways: customary manners of life: the ways in which people obtain what is necessary to populate * What is civilization? * A society’s shared and socially transmitted thoughts. values. and perceptual experiences which are used to do sense of experience. which generate behaviour and are reflected in that behavior * Everything that people have think and do as members of a society * Systems of arbitrary symbols with assigned significances ( ace organic. lodging. colourss. Canis familiariss. gender ) * Features of civilization * Learned. symbolic. general and specific. all embracing. shared. patterned amp ; maladaptive ( LISSA ) * Learned* Culture is learned from others in a society through socialization * Enculturation occurs through observation. interaction with others. and through linguistic communication and can be modified over clip * Difference between socialization. socialization and assimilation? * En: the procedure by which people learn the demand s of their encompassing civilization and get values and behaviours appropriate or necessary in that civilization * A: explains the procedure of cultural and psychological alteration that consequences following meeting between civilizations. * As: is the procedure by which a groups current linguistic communication and civilization is lost to organize to the dominant coercing one. * Integrated * All facets of civilization are interrelated* Holistic position* If one facet changes the others will probably alter every bit good * Mono vs. polychromatic civilization. matrimony spiels. abode forms. economic system. societal organisation. affinity. beliefs. values. environment. linguistic communication. etc. * Shared * Culture is shared within a society* Peoples can foretell how others are most likely traveling to act in a given circumstance. within ground * In pluralistic societies. contrary behaviour may be interpreted as pervert by some while normal by others ( BUYING THE PONY TO EAT ) * Difficulty in covering in symbolic significance can frequently ensue in civilization daze * Symbolic * Symbols have particular significances to members of a civilization and theodolite that intending * Symbols enable worlds to show experiences discourse the hereafter and to larn from the corporate wisdom of past coevalss * Adaptive * Culture provides the cognition of how to which allows us to accommodate to different scenes. conditions. etc. ( irrigation methods allow the desert of Bahrain to be farmed ) * Franz Boas* Refuted unilinear development as bad theorizing masqueraded as scientific discipline * All modern-day societies have evolved an equal sum of clip * Emphasized information collected through fieldwork. particularly participant observation * Could still do some ethnographic analogies though focused on a period of description and historicism * Emile Durkheim * Gallic sociologist* Father of functionalism* Developed structural functionalism* Searched for ways beliefs. establishments. and patterns of societies contributed to the care of human life and cultural stability- Function of establishments * Structural functionalism * The functional position of civilization lays down the rule that inevery type of civilisation. every usage. stuff object. thought and belief fulfils some critical map. has some undertaking to carry through. represents an indispensable portion with a on the job whole * Bronislaw Malinowski * PHD in natural philosophies mathematics and doctrine* Spent clip in the islands during WWI* Discredited Sigmund Freuds Oedipus complex-individual psychological science depends on cultural context * Functionalism comes to Anthropology* Bronislaw Malinowski* Focus on single and psychological maps* A. R. Radcliffe-Brown* Envisions societal systems to be composed of more than merely the persons * Persons as elements of the corporate organism- â€Å"culture† * Societies may be thought of as organic entities with beings and demands of their ain * The societal forms that exist in a given society can be conceptualized as effectual ways of run intoing these demands * Margaret Mead * Studied kid raising and personality* Coming of age in Samoa. Turning up in New Guinea* Times female parent of the universe in 1969* Components of cultural anthropology* Ethnography- a elaborate description of a peculiar civilization chiefly based on fieldwork * Ethnology- the survey and analysis of different civilizations from a comparative point of position * Empirical informations * Quantitative: statistical or mensurable information such as demographic composing the types and measures of harvests grown. or the ratio of partners born and raised within or outside the community * Qualitative: Non statistical information such as personal life narratives and customary beliefs and patterns. Acknowledges the presence of counterfactuals * What are ethnographic research methods * Although anthropology relies on assorted research methods. its trademark is extended fieldwork in a peculiar cultural group *Fieldwork characteristics participant observation in which the research worker observes and participates in the day-to-day life of the community being studied * Stages of field research * 1. Choosing a research job* 2. Explicating a research design ( IV. DV. four )* 3. Roll uping the information ( PO. interviewing. studies. twenty-four hours histories ) * 4. Analyzing the information* 5. Interpreting the information* Participant observation* A research method in which 1 learns about a groups beliefs and behaviours through societal engagement and personal observation within the community every bit good as interviews and treatment with single members of the group over an drawn-out stay in the community * Informants * A member of the society being studied. who provides information that helps research workers understand the significance of what they observe * Doing participant observation* Advantages and readying* Obtaining clearance* Role selection/introductions* Continuing slowly/modifying 1s ain behaviour* Determining function as pupil* Enhancing resonance * Distinguishing between what one should make and what one really does* Detecting non verbal behaviour* Disadvantages* Restrictions in sample size* Standardizing comparative informations* Challenges in entering informations* Obtrusive consequence on capable affair* Interviewing* Unstructured interview: an informal. unfastened ended conversation. in mundane life * Structured interview: a formal question/ reply session carefully notated as it occurs and based on prepared inquiries *Ethnographic tool bag * Census pickings. ethnographic function. twenty-four hours histories. paperss analysis. genealogical method. photography/video. proxemic analysis. event analysis. sociometric trailing. multisite research * Photography * Anthropologists can utilize exposure during fieldwork as arousing devices. sharing images of cultural objects or activities. for illustration to promote locals to speak about and explicate what they say * Challenges of cultural anthropology * Among the legion mental challenges anthropologists normally face are * Culture daze. solitariness. isolation from household and friends. experiencing like an nescient foreigner. being socially awkward in a new cultural scene. deriving credence. set uping resonance. confronting rejection. developing proficient/insightful proficiency in linguistic communication. willingness to reassess one’s findings in visible radiation of new informations. confederations traumatic episodes and distinguishable cultural attacks in treating those events * Physical challenges typically include * Adjusting to unfamiliar nutrient. clime. and hygiene conditions. working 24/7/365 necessitating to be invariably watchful because anything that is go oning or being said may be important to 1s research * Changing grades of hazard taking to entree informations can sometimes ensue in physical security challenges * Ethnographers must pass considerable clip questioning doing voluminous notes and analysing informations * Language * Language is a system of communicating utilizing sounds. gestures ( symbols ) that are put together harmonizing to certain regulations that result in significances that are understood by a group of people who portion that linguistic communication * There are about 6000 linguistic communications in the universe today * 95 % of the world’s population speak 100 linguistic communications * What is the cardinal method for separating linguistic communications ( linguistics ) * Linguisticss * Is the systematic survey of all facets of linguistic communication* What precisely do linguists analyze* Descriptive linguistics* Unlocks the implicit in regulations of a linguistic communication* Historical linguistics* Investigates the relationship between earlier and later signifiers of linguistic communications* Deciphering dead linguistic communications* Sociolinguistics/ethno linguistics* Investigates the relationship between linguistic communication and societal and cultural contexts* Descriptive linguistics* Phonology: the survey of linguistic communication sounds * Phoneticss: the systematic designation and description of typical address sounds in a linguistic communication * Phonemes: the smallest units of sound that make a difference in significance and linguistic communication * Morphology: the survey of the forms or regulations of word formation in a linguistic communication * Morphemes: the smallest units of sound that carry a significance in a linguistic communication * Example: together. the phonemes c. o. tungsten is the morpheme cow adding s to the morpheme cow will ensue in two morphemes cow and s. s adds extra significance to the initial morpheme cow ( more than one ) * Key to making descriptive linguistics is to put aside premises. make non presume that linguistic communications must hold nouns. verbs. prepositions or any other signifier categories identifiable in English * Syntax: the forms or regulations by which morphemes. or words are arranged into phrases and sentences * Grammar: the full formal construction of a linguistic c ommunication including morphology and sentence structure * Allow linguistic communication to talk for itself-see what patterns emerge when unbound * Historical linguistics * The survey of how linguistic communications change throughout clip and infinite * Language household: a group of linguistic communications descended from a individual hereditary linguistic communication * Linguistics divergency: the procedure of development of different linguistic communications from a individual hereditary linguistic communication * Language divergency ( causes ) * Selective adoption from one linguistic communication to another* Technology and specialisation prompts lingual displacements* Affilial groups such as street packs. sororities. prison inmates and military units develop esoteric vocabularies * Cultural value of fresh vocabulary add-ons * Linguistic patriotism* Sociolinguisticss* Study of the relationship between linguistic communication and society. * Examines how societal classs ( such as age. gender. ethnicity. faith. business and category ) influence the usage and significance of typical manners of address * Language as a societal speech-performance * Gendered address: distinguishable male and female address forms * Dialects: changing signifiers of a linguistic communication that reflect peculiar parts. businesss or societal categories which are similar plenty to be reciprocally apprehensible * Code shift: changing from one manner of address to another as the state of affairs demands. whether from one linguistic communication or from one idiom to the other * Diglossia: exchanging the manner we talk when our audiences are different * Ethnolinguistics * Studies the relationship between the linguistic communication and civilization and how they reciprocally influence and inform each other * Linguistic relativity: the thought that differentiations encoded in one linguistic communication are alone to that linguistic communication * Example: the cultural classs of colour. Languages distinguish between the different chromaticities of colour. English is ruddy. orange etc. and Mexico autochthonal groups have same colour for green and bluish * Linguistic determinism: linguistic communication shapes the manner in which people view and think about the universe around them ( sapir whorf hypothesis ) * Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis: a linguistic communication is non merely an encryption procedure but is instead a determining force. Language guides thought and behaviour by predisposing people to see the universe in a certain manner * Gesture call system * Gestures: consists of facial looks and bodily positions and gestures that convey messages ( more than 60 % of our communicating is non verbal ) * Proxemicss* Micro and macro degree culturally shared sense for significance of propinquity * Intimate ( 0-18 inches ) personal ( 1. 5-4 foot ) social-consultative ( 4-12 foot ) public distance ( gt ; 12ft ) * Tonic linguistic communication * Tonal linguistic communications: a linguistic communication in which the sound pitch of a spoken word is an indispensable portion of its pronunciation and significance * Critical acquisition hypothesis* First purposed by Wilder penfield and lamar Roberts* There is a critical period in which worlds can to the full get a first linguistic communication. If linguistic communication is acquired after this ideal timeframe the person may non hold a normal. full bid of linguistic communication Book survey usher * holistic theory* Holistic attack to the survey of human groups* It is comprehensive and involves looking at both biological and Sociocultural facets of humanity * Longest clip frame of all time* Studies all assortments of people wherever located and analyze the different facets of human experience * Cultural relativism* Preventing 1s ain cultural values from colourising descriptive histories of the people under survey * Boas said you could accomplish this through cultural relativism- any portion of a civilization must be viewed in its proper cultural context instead than from the point of view of the perceivers civilization. Rather than inquiring how does this tantrum into my cultural position. one must inquire. how does a cultural point tantrum into the remainder of the cultural system of which it is a portion of? * Rejects the impression that any civilization including our ain has a set of absolute criterions by which all other civilizations can be judged * Symbols * Something that stands for or represents something else * LISSA* Shared: thought. thing or behaviour form to measure up as being cultural it must hold significance shared by most people in a society * Example: shaking manus in our ain civilization means friendly relationship non harmful aggression. * Uncertainty of 1s experiences when seeking to run in an unfamiliar civilization leads to civilization daze: a signifier of psychological hurt that can ensue in depression etc. * Subculture: in a extremely complex society in add-on to mainstream civilization you should happen sub civilizations * Learned: acquired though acquisition and interacting with 1s cultural environment * Socialization: procedure of larning civilization after we are born * Being born into an already existing civilization and they merely have to larn the ways of thought and moving set down by their civilization ( illustration ) * Peoples from different civilizations learn different cultural content * Monochronic civ ilizations: position clip in a additive manner and prefer to make one thing at a clip topographic point a high value on promptness and maintain precise agendas * Polychromic: preferring to make many things at the same clip and see no peculiar value on promptness * Adaptive/ maladaptive * Because of the adaptative nature of civilization people are now able to populate in many antecedently inhabitable topographic points * Between cultural and biological* Integrated* Organic analogy: the physical homo organic structure comprises a figure of system all working to keep the overall wellness of the being –all interconnected * Theory of evolution* All societies pass through a series of distinguishable evolutionary phases and we find differences in civilizations because they are different evolutionary phases of development * Diffusionism * Certain cultural characteristics were invented originally in one or several parts of the universe and so spread through the procedure of diffusion to other civilizations * Franz Boas* Wanted to set the subject on a sound inductive terms by roll uping specific informations and so developing general theories * Insisted on roll uping elaborate ethnographic informations through fieldwork * Functionalism * Bronislaw Malinowski established the tradition of firsthand informations aggregation. looked on how modern-day civilizations operated or functioned * All facets of civilization have a map. they are besides related to one another * Kula ring illustration * Structural functionalism- the thought that they contributed to the well being of the society alternatively of merely the person ( Radcliffe brown ) * Neoevolutionism: civilization evolves when people are able to increase the sum of energy under their control * Multilinear development * Steward created it* Focuss on the development of specific civilizations without presuming that all civilizations follow the same evolutionary procedure

Privacy paper essays

Privacy paper essays I believe law enforcement should do a better job of protecting private information from abuse. Law enforcement tells us they are tracking down more criminals with surveillance. Since the introduction of surveillance techniques the crime rate has not dropped. If law agencies observed peoples actions more responsibly, it would protect citizens without jeopardizing their privacy. Instead, law enforcement is compromising our privacy under the guise of crime prevention by using cameras, wire tapping, and the Internet. The use of cameras for the purpose of law enforcement most often does not deter criminals. Crime rates have not decreased since the introduction of cameras in public places. Some criminals, who actually desire recognition for committing a crime, are encouraged when video surveillance is being used. Strossen states, In Tempe, Arizona, officials stuck a rotating camera-nicknamed Sneaky Peak-atop the municipal building (Barnet and Bedau 681). Invasion of privacy resembling sneaky peak spying abilities are constantly going on, such as the highly ineffective camera put up in Times Square. Strossen stated, Surveillance cameras that had been mounted for 22 mounts in New York Citys Times Square led to only 10 arrest before they were dismantled... (Barnet and Badau 681). Ineffective cameras, like the one in Times Square, should be removed to guarantee the preservation of our constitutional right to privacy. If law agencies are not satisfied with camera usage, they can also use tapping techniques to hear and see everything inside or outside a house. Law enforcement agencies can easily wiretap and eavesdrop on every conversation in a citizens home. A 1994 case has made it relatively easy for law enforcement to get permission to tap our personal conversations. Simson states In 1994, Congress passed the Communications Assistance ...

Andrew Carnegie Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Andrew Carnegie - Essay Example ers and acquisitions, cost minimizing measures, and centralization of supplies created some of the big industry giants in America, and by extension, the world. Andrew’s first venture into the Iron and steel industry was as a result of his engagement in the railroad transport industry, first as a telegrapher and secretary then as superintendent of Pennsylvania Railroad. Here he was charged with, among other things, acquiring the steel rails for the expanding railway networks and engines. Through the railroad contacts he met while working here, he recognized the opportunity of manufacturing the heavy equipment needed for the industry. He was successful in organizing Keystone Bridge Company, the first successful manufacturer of iron rail, and Pittsburgh Locomotive Works into a unit to supply the equipment. He also encouraged George Pullman to join up with him and form the Pullman Palace Car Company to market sleeping cars to the Union Pacific, is so doing he created a monopoly. Eventually, his close ties with John Pierpont Morgan led him to sell his vast interests in the steel industry to J. P. Morgan. The negotiations that ended in Ma rch 2, 1901 to form United States Steel Corporation is the largest such industrial takeover to date. Carnegie is also remembered for his drastic cost cutting measures is partly responsible for the events that shaped the labor force in the iron industry in America. His payment schedule for instance was racial informed. He paid Slavs, Russians, and Italians $12 per week, native-born whites got $22 per week, and Irish and Scots got $16 per week. His steelworks were also said to have been in deplorable conditions. In addition, in his early days as an employer, he is said to have single-handedly fell the giant steel workers union, Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers. Some of his tactics include hiring strikebreakers and spies, blacklisting workers who were thought to be capable of causing trouble, and maintaining the